Dermatology, Cosmetology & Lasers

Psoriasis is a complex, chronic, multifactorial, inflammatory disease that involves hyperproliferation of the keratinocytes in the epidermis, with an increase in the epidermal cell turnover rate Environmental, genetic, and immunologic factors appear to play a role Characterised by red, scaly, sharply demarcated indurated papules and plaques of various sizes

A chronic, immune-mediated, pruritic, inflammatory skin condition seen in atopic individuals. Marked by alternating periods of remission and flare-ups. A result of complex interplay between environmental, immunologic, genetic and pharmacologic factors. Aggravated by infection, psychological stress, seasonal changes, irritants, and allergens.

Infestation of humans with lice 3 species affect humans Pediculus humanus capitis: head louse. Pediculus humanus corporis: body louse. Phthirus pubis: pubic or crab louse.

Warts are viral infection caused by human pappiloma virus characterised by papules or plaques in various parts of body

Urticaria is derived from Latin word “Urtica” meaning stinging nettle. It is a cutaneous reaction pattern consisting of transient, dermal swellings in form of wheals or angioedema. Individual wheals are pruritic, pink or pale swellings of superficial dermis that have red flare around them and usually subside within 24 hours.

Also known as soft chancre. Acute, autoinoculable, STI caused by Hemophilus ducreyi. Males affected more commonly.

Pityriasis rosea (PR) is an acute self-limiting, papulosquamous inflammatory disease of uncertain etiology, characterized by multiple erythematous scaly patches over the back and trunk along the cleavage lines.

Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology affecting skin and mucous membranes, hair and nail. Clinically characterized by pruritic, pink, polygonal, violaceous, flat topped, papular lesions.

Intensely pruritic, chronic, recurrent, papulovesicular disease. Underlying gluten-sensitive enteropathy - may be asymptomatic.

Systemic sclerosis is a multisystem autoimmune disorder characterized by vascular abnormalities, connective tissue sclerosis and atrophy.

Hirsutism is a male pattern of secondary or post-pubertal hair growth occurring in women. It arises in the moustache and beard areas at puberty.

AGA is the most common type of diffuse thinning of the hair and balding that occurs in adult males. Symptoms and complication It is characterised by a receding hairline and hair loss on the top and front of the head. A similar type of hair loss in women, female pattern hair loss, results in thinning hair on the mid-frontal area of the scalp Psychological impact: hair loss can be associated with low self-esteem, depression, introversion, and feelings of unattractiveness Causes It is due to a combination of hormones (androgens) and a genetic predisposition Diagnosis: Clinical Treatment: Platelet rich plasma therapy Hair replacement / transplantation Cosmetics Micropigmentation (tattoo) to resemble shaven scalp Hairpieces Minoxidil solution Finasteride tablets

Vitiligo is an acquired depigmenting disorder of the skin, in which pigment cells (melanocytes) are lost. Symptoms and complication It presents with well-defined milky-white patches of skin (leukoderma). Vitiligo can affect any part of the body. Complete loss of pigment can affect a single patch of skin, or it may affect multiple patches. Vitiligo results in reduced quality of life and psychological difficulties in many patients. Causes Vitiligo is due to the loss or destruction of melanocytes, which are the cells that produce melanin: Autoimmunity Genetic susceptibility Diagnosis: Clinical Treatment: General measures Cosmetic camouflage: Make-up, dyes and stain, Micropigmentation or tattooing Topical: Corticosteroid creams tacrolimus ointment. Phototherapy: Systemic immunosuppressants like steroids and Surgical treatment.

Melasma is a common acquired skin disorder that presents as a bilateral, blotchy, brownish facial pigmentation. Symptoms and complication: Melasma presents as bilateral, asymptomatic, light-to-dark brown macules or patches with irregular borders. Melasma can have a severe impact on quality of life due to its visibility. Causes and prevention: The cause of melasma is complex; it has been proposed to be a photoageing disorder in genetically predisposed individuals. Risk Factors: Family history, Sun exposure, Hormones — pregnancy, oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, Medications and scented products Diagnosis: Clinical, Woods lamp Treatment: General measures: Year-round, life-long sun protection — broad-brimmed hat, broad-spectrum sunscreen Discontinue hormonal contraception if possible Cosmetic camouflage. Topical therapy: Azelaic acid, Kojic acid, Ascorbic acid, etc Oral Tranexamic acid Chemical peels and lasers

The term "scarring" refers to a fibrous process in which new collagen is laid down to heal a full-thickness injury. It affects 30% of those with moderate or severe acne vulgaris. Symptoms and complication: Cosmetic concern, Adverse psychosocial impact Causes and prevention: Acne scars occurs secondary to healing of acne. To reduce the chance of scarring, seek treatmentfor your acne early. Risk Factors: Incomplete/ delayed treatment, Use of steroids, Repeated picking of acne Treatment: Cosmetic camouflage Dermabrasion, Microneedling Subcision , Excision and suturing TCA Cross Lasers Fillers

Stretch marks are fine lines on the body that occur from tissue under your skin tearing from rapid growth or over-stretching Symptoms and complication: Cosmetic concern An area of skin becomes flattened and thin with a pink colour Itching Reddish or purplish slightly swollen lines develop perpendicular to the direction of skin tension. Causes: Pregnancy Adolescents undergoing growth spurts (thighs, buttocks, breasts) Body-builders Obese or overweight people Oral or topical corticosteroids Cushing syndrome Diagnosis: Clinical Treatment: Moisturizers Topical retinoid therapy Chemical peels Fractional laser Micro needling Platelet rich plasma

Freckle is a small, light brown or tan mark on the skin. There can be hundreds or thousands of them on exposed skin. Freckles are particularly common in fair-skinned people Causes: Inherited, ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. Clinical features: Light to dark brown flat spots, found on sun-exposed sites, particularly the nose and cheeks. More prominent during summer. Diagnosis: Clinical Treatment: Broad-spectrum, sun protection factor 50+ sunscreen Cosmetic camouflage Laser

Dark circles under the eyes describe a common appearance of the lower eyelids that has various causes. Causes: Increased pigmentation (melanin) Loss of fatty tissue in the eyelid or around the eye Bulging fat and muscle loss Puffy eyelids Thin, translucent skin Shadowing due to anatomic shape of the orbit. Risk factors: Elderly, Genetic predisposition, Sun exposure, Dermatitis, Rubbing or scratching the eyes, Smoking, Fatigue or lack of sleep, dehydration (sunken eyes). Diagnosis: Clinical Treatment: Adequate sleep Smoking cessation Cold compresses Protection from sun exposure using sunglasses Topical agents Chemical peels Laser Fillers (dermal implants):

Postinflammatory pigmentation is temporary pigmentation that follows injury (eg. a thermal burn) or inflammatory disorder of the skin (eg. dermatitis, infection). It is mostly observed in darker skin types. Causes and Risk factors: Darker-skinned individuals, Sun-induced skin conditions such as photodermatitis Drugs: Antimalarial drugs, clofazimine. Symptoms: Postinflammatory hyperpigmented patches are located at the site of the original disease after it has healed. The lesions range from light brown to black in colour. The patches may become darker if exposed to sunlight (UV rays). Diagnosis: Clinical Treatment: Broad-spectrum sunscreen Cosmetic camouflage. Topical creams Chemical peels Lasers.