Obstetrics and Gynecology

Endometriosis is a disease of the female reproductive system in which cells similar to those in the endometrium, the layer of tissue that normally covers the inside of the uterus, grow outside the uterus.

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), also known as atypical vaginal bleeding, is vaginal bleeding from the uterus that is abnormally frequent, lasts excessively long, is heavier than normal, or is irregular.

Uterine fibroids, also known as uterine leiomyomas or fibroids, are benign smooth muscle tumors of the uterus. Most women have no symptoms while others may have painful or heavy periods.

Infertility is the inability to become pregnant after one year of intercourse without contraception involving a male and female partner. Estimates range from 12% to 28%. Male infertility is responsible for 20–30% of infertility cases, while 20–35% are due to female infertility, and 25–40% are due to combined problems in both parts. In 10–20% of cases, no cause is found.

Ectopic pregnancy is a complication of pregnancy in which the embryo attaches outside the uterus. Signs and symptoms classically include abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding, but fewer than 50 percent of affected women have both of these symptoms.

A molar pregnancy — also known as hydatidiform mole is a rare complication of pregnancy characterized by the abnormal growth of trophoblasts, the cells that normally develop into the placenta.

Antepartum haemorrhage (APH) defined as bleeding from the genital tract in the second half of pregnancy, remains a major cause of perinatal mortality and maternal morbidity in the developed world.

Malpresentation refers to when your baby is in an unusual position as the birth approaches.

A multiple pregnancy from a single zygote is called monozygotic A multiple pregnancy from a single zygote is called monozygotic, from two zygotes is called dizygotic, or from three or more zygotes is called polyzygotic.

Growth hormones is most abundaust ant pit hormone, prod by pit sometotroph cells produced begins early in fetal life & continuous throughout the life.

An absomal recessive disorder which occurs due to mutation of CFTR gene mainly affecting the lungs & pane-areas.

Inherited disorder of hemoglobin synthesis characterized by reduced or absent one or more globin chasin of Hb. Types: Alpha Thalassemia and Beta Thalassemia

Klinefetter syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects male. It occurs when a boy is born with one or more extra x-chromobomes.

Edwards syndrome It is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or past of an extra 18th chromosome. Second most common trisomy.

Neutral tube defects are one of commonest birth defects, occurring due to the failure of normal fusion of neural plate to form neural tube during the first 28 days following conception. Etiology: Exact cause is not known many facts may be responsible for causing neural tube defects: Genetic causes Nutritional factors poor mistake of folic acid Intake of anti-epileptic medications during pregnancy.

Downs syndrome is a birth defect caused by trisomy of 21. It is most important genetic disease prevalent world-wide. Incidence is high 1 in 400-1400 newborns. Therefore screening provides important part in prenatal case. For this non incentive screening developed for early diagnosis. Treatment and pretension of morbidity.

It is also called henny turner. Disorders of gonadal development. Clinical features: Short statue (height less than 150 cm) Webbing of the neck Broad shield chest. Low hair line on the neck Lymphedema Autoimmune disorders. Micrognathia (condition in which the lower jaw is undersized.) Cubitus valgus (forearm in angled out away from the body when the am is fully extended.) Investigations: Sex chromatin study is negative (Mosaic pattern) Serum E2 is very low. Serum FSH and LH are increased.

Called as patau syndrome. A person has an extra chromosome and 50% baby sensitive beyond their first 10 days.